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|image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Afghanistan |pushpin_label_position = above |pushpin_mapsize = 300px |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Afghanistan |coordinates_display = inline,title |coordinates_region = AF |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Herat |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of =2013 |population_footnotes = |population_note =〔 |population_total =436300 |population_density_km2 =auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |timezone = Afghanistan Standard Time |utc_offset = +4:30 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd =34 |latm =20 |lats =31 | latNS = N |longd =62 |longm =12 |longs =11 | longEW = E |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 920 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} Herat (;〔(Herat - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary ). Merriam-webster.com (2012-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.〕 Persian: هرات; (パシュトー語:هرات); , ''Alexandria Ariana''; (ラテン語:Alexandria Ariorum)) is the third largest city of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 436,300,〔 and serves as the capital of Herat province, situated in the fertile valley of the Hari River. It is linked with Kandahar and Mazar-e-Sharif via highway 1 or the ring road. It is further linked to the city of Mashhad in neighboring Iran through the border town of Islam Qala. Herat dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Herat Citadel and the Mosallah Complex. During the Middle Ages Herat became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the ''Pearl of Khorasan''.〔 It has been governed by various Afghan rulers since the early 18th century.〔Singh, Ganda (1959). ''(Ahmad Shah Durrani, father of modern Afghanistan )''. Asia Publishing House, Bombay. (PDF version (66 MB ))〕 In 1717, the city was invaded by the Hotaki forces until they were expelled by the Afsharids in 1736. After Nadir Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat became part of Afghanistan.〔 It witnessed some political disturbances and military invasions during the early half of the 19th century but the 1857 Treaty of Paris ended hostilities of the Anglo-Persian War.〔Daniel Wagner and Giorgio Cafiero: (The Paradoxical Afghan/Iranian Alliance ). In: The Huffington Post: 11/15/2013.〕 Herat suffered from extensive destruction during the Soviet war in the 1980s, but certain parts of the city has been spared from it. Herat lies on the ancient trade routes of the Middle East, Central and South Asia. The roads from Herat to Iran, Turkmenistan, and other parts of Afghanistan are still strategically important. As the gateway to Iran, it collects high amount of customs revenue for Afghanistan. The city has an international airport. Herat is a regional hub in western Afghanistan in close proximity to Iran and Turkmenistan. The city has high residential density clustered around the core of the city. However, vacant plots account for a higher percentage of the city (21%) than residential land use (18%) and agricultural is the largest percentage of total land use (36%).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The State of Afghan Cities 2015, Volume 2 )〕 ==History== Herat dates back to ancient times, but its exact age remains unknown. During the period of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550-330 BC), the surrounding district was known as ''Haraiva'' (in Old Persian), and in classical sources the region was correspondingly known as Aria (Areia). In the Zoroastrian Avesta, the district is mentioned as ''Haroiva''. The name of the district and its main town is derived from that of the chief river of the region, the Hari River (Old Iranian ''Haryrud'', "Silken Water"), which traverses the district and passes some south of modern Herāt. Hari is mentioned in Sanskrit as yellow or golden color equivalent to Persian "Zard" meaning Gold (yellow). The naming of a region and its principal town after the main river is a common feature in this part of the world—compare the adjoining districts/rivers/towns of Arachosia and Bactria. The district ''Aria'' of the Achaemenid Empire is mentioned in the provincial lists that are included in various royal inscriptions, for instance, in the Behistun inscription of Darius I (ca. 520 BC).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Behistan Inscription of King Darius )〕 Representatives from the district are depicted in reliefs, e.g., at the royal Achaemenid tombs of Naqsh-e Rustam and Persepolis. They are wearing Scythian-style dress (with a tunic and trousers tucked into high boots) and a twisted Bashlyk that covers their head, chin and neck.〔(W. J. Vogelsang, 2003, HERAT ii. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD, Encyclopaedia Iranica. )〕 Hamdallah Mustawfi, composer of the 14th century work ''The Geographical Part of the Nuzhat-al-Qulub'' writes that: Herodotus described Herat as ''the bread-basket of Central Asia''. At the time of Alexander the Great in 330 BC, Aria was obviously an important district. It was administered by a satrap called Satibarzanes, who was one of the three main Persian officials in the East of the Empire, together with the satrap Bessus of Bactria and Barsaentes of Arachosia. In late 330 BC, Alexander captured the Arian capital that was called Artacoana. The town was rebuilt and the citadel was constructed. Afghanistan became part of the Seleucid Empire after Alexander died, which formed an alliance with the Indian Maurya Empire. Roman Historian Strabo writes that the Seleucids later gave the area south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas after a treaty was made. However, most sources suggest that Herat was predominantly Zoroastrian and there is no evidence of Hinduism making its way into this region. It became part of the Parthian Empire in 167 BC. In the Sasanian period (226-652), ''Harēv'' is listed in an inscription on the Ka'ba-i Zartosht at Naqsh-e Rustam; and ''Hariy'' is mentioned in the Pahlavi catalogue of the provincial capitals of the empire. In around 430, the town is also listed as having a Christian community, with a Nestorian bishop.〔The earliest recorded date of a bishop in Herat is 424. http://www.nestorian.org/location_of_nestorian_bishops.html〕 In the last two centuries of Sasanian rule, Aria (Herat) had great strategic importance in the endless wars between the Sasanians, the Chionites and the Hephthalites who had been settled in the northern section of Afghanistan since the late 4th century. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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